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社会是一个典型的复杂系统[1],复杂性是它的核心特征[2-3]。近年来,现代信息技术为社会治理的基础性研究提供了十分有利的技术条件[4-5],相关学者运用复杂系统理论,从不同角度对社会治理问题进行了研究。
在统计物理学的视角下,文献[6-7]提出,复杂系统理论的研究不仅关心网络自身的拓扑结构,而且关注网络上进行的各种物理过程和动力学行为。展望了复杂系统研究的几个重要方向:新一代信息网络的结构和动力学、演化合作博弈、人类动力学和信息物理学。
在社会物理学视角下,文献[8]进行了大量探索性研究,形成了相对完整的理论体系,提出基于社会燃烧理论的网络舆论传播“集中度”,基于社会行为熵理论的网络舆论传播“组织度”,基于社会激波理论的网络舆论传播“临界度”,将网络舆论传播从定性研究转为定量应用。
在系统内相互作用的视角下,文献[9]指出复杂系统的适应性可以很好地运用到社会治理之中。文献[10]指出社会是一个复杂的自适应系统,社会子系统间存在着明显的关联性。文献[11]采用系统动力学方法,解释了中国城市系统中的社会、组织和环境因素的相互作用关系。文献[12]提出使用复杂网络理论刻画社会复杂系统之间的相互作用关系。
在大数据时代下,推动复杂系统研究与社会治理相结合,已经成为现阶段社会治理研究的重要内容[13]。基于海量数据和复杂系统理论进行定量化分析[14-18],为社会治理赋能,推动经验治理向数据治理转变,被动响应型治理向主动预见性治理转变,有效促进治理决策科学化,治理方式精细化,从而提升社会治理水平。
本文对使用复杂系统方法解决社会治理领域相关的问题进行了综述。通过引入复杂网络和复杂适应系统两种研究方法,分析复杂系统理论在社会治理典型场景的应用,对未来主要发展的方向进行展望。
The Application of Complex Systems in Social Governance
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摘要: 经济持续发展和社会不断进步对社会治理现代化提出了新的要求。社会是一个典型的复杂系统,社会治理研究迫切需要从复杂系统的角度,依靠多学科的交叉融合,从整体上加以解决。该文选取复杂系统相关研究方法,对社会治理中疫情防控、谣言管控、智慧交通和智慧消防4个典型场景进行了重点分析,总结了复杂系统理论在社会治理领域应用中存在的问题,对下一步主要发展的方向进行了展望。Abstract: The modernization of social governance requires a complex system approach to manage the social issues. This article made a brief introduction on the fundamentals of complex systems at the beginning, and then focused on their applications in typical scenarios of social governance including epidemic prevention and control, rumor control, intelligent transportation and smart fire safety, finally the current challenges as well as the future perspectives on the emerging governance techniques were summarized.
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Key words:
- complex system /
- social governance /
- rumor control /
- intelligent transportation /
- smart fire safety
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