ISSN 
2007 Vol. 36, No. 5
2007, 36(5): 817-820.
Abstract:
With the developing of the compute game industry and virtual reality technology, people need realistic effect in 3D scene in the runtime interactive system, such as game software, simulation of fly and simulation of battle. To improve the realistic effect in complex 3D scene, we study geometry scene, material and illumination. This paper focuses on illumination model. Deferred lighting and HDR technologies are analyzed, and a combination approach is proposed. Experimental results show that HDR-based deferred lighting technology can help to represent more detailed scenes. Even though this approach slows down the rendering speed, it is still above 25FP/s.
With the developing of the compute game industry and virtual reality technology, people need realistic effect in 3D scene in the runtime interactive system, such as game software, simulation of fly and simulation of battle. To improve the realistic effect in complex 3D scene, we study geometry scene, material and illumination. This paper focuses on illumination model. Deferred lighting and HDR technologies are analyzed, and a combination approach is proposed. Experimental results show that HDR-based deferred lighting technology can help to represent more detailed scenes. Even though this approach slows down the rendering speed, it is still above 25FP/s.
2007, 36(5): 821-823,947.
Abstract:
A scheme of secure message interchange based on Elliptic Curves Cryptosystem (ECC) is proposed in this paper. The digital signature and symmetric key exchange in the scheme both are established on ECC. The computational intractability of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) over a finite field enhances security of the scheme. Each end user in a network generates its own private key and public key. Users' certificates are signed by CA and then sent to each user to keep respectively. The message and its digital signature are encrypted to transmit in the network without disclosure. The scheme proposed here provides mutual authentication between the sender and the recipient and ensures confidentiality, integrity and nonrepudiation of the interchanged messages.
A scheme of secure message interchange based on Elliptic Curves Cryptosystem (ECC) is proposed in this paper. The digital signature and symmetric key exchange in the scheme both are established on ECC. The computational intractability of the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP) over a finite field enhances security of the scheme. Each end user in a network generates its own private key and public key. Users' certificates are signed by CA and then sent to each user to keep respectively. The message and its digital signature are encrypted to transmit in the network without disclosure. The scheme proposed here provides mutual authentication between the sender and the recipient and ensures confidentiality, integrity and nonrepudiation of the interchanged messages.
2007, 36(5): 824-826,857.
Abstract:
In order to manage Grid system in real time and adopt its dynamic changes, a workload monitoring infrastructure is proposed. The infrastructure classifies and establishes correlation for workload across components in Grid based on the Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA) in an end-to-end manner. A Petri net model based on monitor point algorithm is constructed automatically to collect data of work units and provide monitor data information for users to explore. and manage system performance efficiently. On the base of the proposed infrastructure, some ideals to extend system function are put forward to satisfy the complexity of Grid and decrease communication delay and cost.
In order to manage Grid system in real time and adopt its dynamic changes, a workload monitoring infrastructure is proposed. The infrastructure classifies and establishes correlation for workload across components in Grid based on the Open Grid Service Architecture (OGSA) in an end-to-end manner. A Petri net model based on monitor point algorithm is constructed automatically to collect data of work units and provide monitor data information for users to explore. and manage system performance efficiently. On the base of the proposed infrastructure, some ideals to extend system function are put forward to satisfy the complexity of Grid and decrease communication delay and cost.
2007, 36(5): 827-829.
Abstract:
Based on Shamir's threshold scheme, a secret sharing scheme on access structures is proposed in this paper. Multiple secrets can be shared in each sharing session, and any qualified subset of participants can cooperate to recover these secrets at one time. Participants' secret shadows are as long as each of the shared secrets. At the same time, these shadows can be reused in multiple sharing sessions without being updated. The difference from the existing schemes is that multiple secrets instead of only one secret can be shared in each sharing session, This improves the efficiency of secret sharing and provides great capabilities for many applications. Analysis shows that this scheme is an efficient and computationally secure scheme.
Based on Shamir's threshold scheme, a secret sharing scheme on access structures is proposed in this paper. Multiple secrets can be shared in each sharing session, and any qualified subset of participants can cooperate to recover these secrets at one time. Participants' secret shadows are as long as each of the shared secrets. At the same time, these shadows can be reused in multiple sharing sessions without being updated. The difference from the existing schemes is that multiple secrets instead of only one secret can be shared in each sharing session, This improves the efficiency of secret sharing and provides great capabilities for many applications. Analysis shows that this scheme is an efficient and computationally secure scheme.
2007, 36(5): 830-833.
Abstract:
When a security system is designed, the design of key-managing module is a very difficult problem and must be solved firstly. This paper proposes a scheme of design and implementation of key-managing module of database encryption system in detail, based on analysis of such aspects as creating keys, distributing keys, verifying keys, replacing keys, etc. The presented results show that the key-managing module built by the scheme is secure, feasible, and efficient.
When a security system is designed, the design of key-managing module is a very difficult problem and must be solved firstly. This paper proposes a scheme of design and implementation of key-managing module of database encryption system in detail, based on analysis of such aspects as creating keys, distributing keys, verifying keys, replacing keys, etc. The presented results show that the key-managing module built by the scheme is secure, feasible, and efficient.
2007, 36(5): 834-837.
Abstract:
In this paper, a new data distribution strategy is described, which called the extend EVENODD codes (EEOD codes). It can recover any triple storage nodes failures with only three extra nodes for parity information. The equations are represented by circle paths of graph. Detailed EEOD code's decoding algorithms are proposed for correcting various triple node failures with successive elimination of graph vertex. It shows that the decoding complexity of the EEOD code is much lower than those of the existing comparable codes. The EEOD code is very valuable for storage systems which need higher reliability.
In this paper, a new data distribution strategy is described, which called the extend EVENODD codes (EEOD codes). It can recover any triple storage nodes failures with only three extra nodes for parity information. The equations are represented by circle paths of graph. Detailed EEOD code's decoding algorithms are proposed for correcting various triple node failures with successive elimination of graph vertex. It shows that the decoding complexity of the EEOD code is much lower than those of the existing comparable codes. The EEOD code is very valuable for storage systems which need higher reliability.
2007, 36(5): 838-841.
Abstract:
In this paper, several important standards, including ISO7498-2, ISO17799, ISO27001 and ISO/IEC18028-2, are described. An integrated security ensuring architecture which is adapted to different organization models is proposed in order to solve the problems of organization security. Using the architecture, an organization is looked as an entity and as a whole. Integrated security is the most important method to ensure the security of an organization and a process model is proposed. Combining with the concept of Information Security Management Systems, an intelligent security management framework of organization is proposed also.
In this paper, several important standards, including ISO7498-2, ISO17799, ISO27001 and ISO/IEC18028-2, are described. An integrated security ensuring architecture which is adapted to different organization models is proposed in order to solve the problems of organization security. Using the architecture, an organization is looked as an entity and as a whole. Integrated security is the most important method to ensure the security of an organization and a process model is proposed. Combining with the concept of Information Security Management Systems, an intelligent security management framework of organization is proposed also.
2007, 36(5): 842-845.
Abstract:
Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) has become a promising method for embedded real-time systems to reduce their power consumption. Unlike schedulability, energy consumption focus on the accumulative effect in a period of time. The traditional real-time scheduling model based on the worst execution time is not satisfied for the need of energy consumption analysis. In this paper the real-time task scheduling model is built according to the probability distribution of actual execution time, and the effect of the Actual Execute Time (AET) distribution on the energy consumption performance of real-time DVS scheduling algorithm is analyzed using stochastic method. The real-time DVS dynamic scheduling algorithm based on the average execution time is presented. The experimental results show that algorithm presented in this paper can hold stable power consumption performance under different AET distribution.
Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS) has become a promising method for embedded real-time systems to reduce their power consumption. Unlike schedulability, energy consumption focus on the accumulative effect in a period of time. The traditional real-time scheduling model based on the worst execution time is not satisfied for the need of energy consumption analysis. In this paper the real-time task scheduling model is built according to the probability distribution of actual execution time, and the effect of the Actual Execute Time (AET) distribution on the energy consumption performance of real-time DVS scheduling algorithm is analyzed using stochastic method. The real-time DVS dynamic scheduling algorithm based on the average execution time is presented. The experimental results show that algorithm presented in this paper can hold stable power consumption performance under different AET distribution.
2007, 36(5): 846-849.
Abstract:
Based on fault-tolerance technique and multi-processors system, a fault-tolerance real-time embedded dual system solusion is put forward in this paper. The proposed solusion is based upon the loosely coupled multiprocessors architecture. this architecture seamlessly. integrates the fault-tolerance design techniques of hardware level, operating system level, and application level The system reliability is analyzed by the Markov state diagram The results show that the design scheme can enhance the system reliability remarkably.
Based on fault-tolerance technique and multi-processors system, a fault-tolerance real-time embedded dual system solusion is put forward in this paper. The proposed solusion is based upon the loosely coupled multiprocessors architecture. this architecture seamlessly. integrates the fault-tolerance design techniques of hardware level, operating system level, and application level The system reliability is analyzed by the Markov state diagram The results show that the design scheme can enhance the system reliability remarkably.
2007, 36(5): 850-853.
Abstract:
To release the confliction and jam of Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing (NDMR) protocol, an improved Improved NDMR (I-NDMR) protocol is proposed. This protocol reduces the shared links betwen multiple sources and destinations, chooses the path with lowest load to send data packets Load Information is recorded in RREP packet to evaluate transmission load and LOAD_UPDATE packet is broadcast periodically. Although the transmission path and the amount of control message may increase a little, the packet delay and network traffic can be released efficiently. Simulation results show that the I-NDMR can effectively enhance the performance of network.
To release the confliction and jam of Node-Disjoint Multipath Routing (NDMR) protocol, an improved Improved NDMR (I-NDMR) protocol is proposed. This protocol reduces the shared links betwen multiple sources and destinations, chooses the path with lowest load to send data packets Load Information is recorded in RREP packet to evaluate transmission load and LOAD_UPDATE packet is broadcast periodically. Although the transmission path and the amount of control message may increase a little, the packet delay and network traffic can be released efficiently. Simulation results show that the I-NDMR can effectively enhance the performance of network.
2007, 36(5): 854-857.
Abstract:
This paper considers the data transmission system with undulating noise and sudden noise. The quantitative relationship between the misuse frame rate and bit-error-ratio is derived. In this noisy channel, the connection-oriented protocol of data link layer is used to provide reliable delivery service for upper users. The calculation method and the approximate expression of optimal frame size in S-W ARQ protocol of data link layer are deduced in detail in the condition that the bit-error-ratio of channel is relatively small. Moreover, the physical meaning and the application area are also analyzed and discussed.
This paper considers the data transmission system with undulating noise and sudden noise. The quantitative relationship between the misuse frame rate and bit-error-ratio is derived. In this noisy channel, the connection-oriented protocol of data link layer is used to provide reliable delivery service for upper users. The calculation method and the approximate expression of optimal frame size in S-W ARQ protocol of data link layer are deduced in detail in the condition that the bit-error-ratio of channel is relatively small. Moreover, the physical meaning and the application area are also analyzed and discussed.
2007, 36(5): 858-861.
Abstract:
This paper describes the procedure of designing Direct Memory Access (DMA) data transfer system based on Peripheral Component (PCI) bus interface technology. The system is applied to the test instrument for ladar receiver. When the ladar receiver working, the PCI interface card based on DMA data transfer system can achieve 70 MB/s transfer rates, collect and save the parameter of ladar effectively, and offer the data for computer to analyse rapidly. We emphasize the design of hardware circuit based on PCI bus interface technology and the development of PCI DMA driver program based on Windows Driver Model (WDM).
This paper describes the procedure of designing Direct Memory Access (DMA) data transfer system based on Peripheral Component (PCI) bus interface technology. The system is applied to the test instrument for ladar receiver. When the ladar receiver working, the PCI interface card based on DMA data transfer system can achieve 70 MB/s transfer rates, collect and save the parameter of ladar effectively, and offer the data for computer to analyse rapidly. We emphasize the design of hardware circuit based on PCI bus interface technology and the development of PCI DMA driver program based on Windows Driver Model (WDM).
2007, 36(5): 862-865.
Abstract:
This paper presents a hybrid method, which combines Physical Optics (PO) and Method of Moment (MoM) techniques, to analyze the electromagnetic properties of wire antennas mounted on or near electrically large conducting surface with arbitrary shapes. The antenna and the irregular region are divided into MoM region and the other regular and continuous regions analyzed using PO method. An iterative method is proposed to improve the accuracy by considering the coupling among the elements in the PO region. The radiation and impedance properties of wire antennas are analyzed. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the accuracy and high efficiency.
This paper presents a hybrid method, which combines Physical Optics (PO) and Method of Moment (MoM) techniques, to analyze the electromagnetic properties of wire antennas mounted on or near electrically large conducting surface with arbitrary shapes. The antenna and the irregular region are divided into MoM region and the other regular and continuous regions analyzed using PO method. An iterative method is proposed to improve the accuracy by considering the coupling among the elements in the PO region. The radiation and impedance properties of wire antennas are analyzed. Numerical examples are illustrated to show the accuracy and high efficiency.
2007, 36(5): 866-868,879.
Abstract:
A novel approximative iteration technique-local iteration, is combined into two-dimensional Multilevel Fast Inhomogeneous Plane Wave Algorithm (MLFIPWA), namely Local MLFIPWA (LMLFIPWA), to solve 2D electromagnetic scattering problem efficiently. The computational complexity of MLFIPWA is the same as the multilevel fast multipole algorithm, so it can be used to solve large-scale problems. Since the Green's function is based on Sommerfeld integration, the MLFIPWA has the advantage of being directly expanded into layered medium problems. By applying a local iteration procedure, the efficiency can be further improved. Numerical results demonstrate the validity of this method.
A novel approximative iteration technique-local iteration, is combined into two-dimensional Multilevel Fast Inhomogeneous Plane Wave Algorithm (MLFIPWA), namely Local MLFIPWA (LMLFIPWA), to solve 2D electromagnetic scattering problem efficiently. The computational complexity of MLFIPWA is the same as the multilevel fast multipole algorithm, so it can be used to solve large-scale problems. Since the Green's function is based on Sommerfeld integration, the MLFIPWA has the advantage of being directly expanded into layered medium problems. By applying a local iteration procedure, the efficiency can be further improved. Numerical results demonstrate the validity of this method.
2007, 36(5): 869-871.
Abstract:
The nonlinear correlation problems for digital arrays are analyzed in this paper. Then a novel approach is proposed to increase the Instanuouse Dynamic Range (IDR) levels for digital arrays. The method mainly employs two different direction phase shifts. The theoretical analysis of the proposed method shows that dynamic range enhancement can be achieved through the use of the method and decorrelation of spurs, phase noise, and various intermodulation products. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
The nonlinear correlation problems for digital arrays are analyzed in this paper. Then a novel approach is proposed to increase the Instanuouse Dynamic Range (IDR) levels for digital arrays. The method mainly employs two different direction phase shifts. The theoretical analysis of the proposed method shows that dynamic range enhancement can be achieved through the use of the method and decorrelation of spurs, phase noise, and various intermodulation products. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
2007, 36(5): 872-875.
Abstract:
The radar networking can fuse observational datum of radars. But alignment problem is a prerequisite process for data fusion of the radar networking. Classical registration algorithms were always proposed for fixed radars, which can not solve the alignment problem of the mobile radars because of ignoring attitude and attitude errors. This problem is studied in this paper. Using Taylor series, the linear model between the measurements and the errors are derived, then a new real-time alignment algorithm for mobile radars is proposed based on Kalman filter. Finally, the effectiveness of this algorithm is conformed by simulation.
The radar networking can fuse observational datum of radars. But alignment problem is a prerequisite process for data fusion of the radar networking. Classical registration algorithms were always proposed for fixed radars, which can not solve the alignment problem of the mobile radars because of ignoring attitude and attitude errors. This problem is studied in this paper. Using Taylor series, the linear model between the measurements and the errors are derived, then a new real-time alignment algorithm for mobile radars is proposed based on Kalman filter. Finally, the effectiveness of this algorithm is conformed by simulation.
2007, 36(5): 876-879.
Abstract:
Based on the idea of the game theory, the problems on dynamic evaluation for radar jamming effects are studied. Through acting the jamming effects as payoff function, it quantificationally describes the jamming effects in the time, space, frequency, and energy. And the synthetical evaluation method is presented. Then the game tactical matrix model of Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) is established. The calculation methods of dynamic evaluation for radar mask jamming effects are proposed. Combining a practical example, the novel method is used to make effects evaluation for the radar mask jamming. The results show that the method is well suitable to modern ECM and therefore is available and credible for evaluating danamically radar mask jamming effects.
Based on the idea of the game theory, the problems on dynamic evaluation for radar jamming effects are studied. Through acting the jamming effects as payoff function, it quantificationally describes the jamming effects in the time, space, frequency, and energy. And the synthetical evaluation method is presented. Then the game tactical matrix model of Electronic Counter Measures (ECM) is established. The calculation methods of dynamic evaluation for radar mask jamming effects are proposed. Combining a practical example, the novel method is used to make effects evaluation for the radar mask jamming. The results show that the method is well suitable to modern ECM and therefore is available and credible for evaluating danamically radar mask jamming effects.
2007, 36(5): 880-882.
Abstract:
From double-negative (DNG) metamaterials' constitutive relation, we deduce the differential equations that describe characters of electromagnetic (EM) wave in DNG media. DNG media's three-dimension Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) formulation is obtained by dispersing those differential eguations. The calculation result is coincident with those in Ref.[5]. Finally, EM scattering of metallic sphere covered by DNG media or plasma is computed. Because of DNG media's impedance matched to the free space, its absorbing electromagnetic wave character is better than that of plasma.
From double-negative (DNG) metamaterials' constitutive relation, we deduce the differential equations that describe characters of electromagnetic (EM) wave in DNG media. DNG media's three-dimension Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) formulation is obtained by dispersing those differential eguations. The calculation result is coincident with those in Ref.[5]. Finally, EM scattering of metallic sphere covered by DNG media or plasma is computed. Because of DNG media's impedance matched to the free space, its absorbing electromagnetic wave character is better than that of plasma.
2007, 36(5): 883-885,895.
Abstract:
Based on the conventional construction of microstrip slot antenna, a new wide band rectangle microstrip slot antenna is designed, which is fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) with fork-like microstrip lines. The impedance of CPW line is 100 Ω. The antenna is matched better through adjusting the dimensions of chief-arm and side-arms and the width of slot lines in feeding net. The results of simulation and test show that 67.60% bandwidth (VSWR<2) can be obtained at the center frequency of 7.00 GHz.
Based on the conventional construction of microstrip slot antenna, a new wide band rectangle microstrip slot antenna is designed, which is fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) with fork-like microstrip lines. The impedance of CPW line is 100 Ω. The antenna is matched better through adjusting the dimensions of chief-arm and side-arms and the width of slot lines in feeding net. The results of simulation and test show that 67.60% bandwidth (VSWR<2) can be obtained at the center frequency of 7.00 GHz.
2007, 36(5): 886-888.
Abstract:
Aim at the problem of blind estimation of DS/SS spreading sequence,the approach of eigenvalue decomposition is modified, moreover a Pseudo Noise (PN) code recovery algorithm based on Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking with deflation (PASTd) is proposed. This algorithm estimates the desynchronized delay value through the principal eigenvectors, and extracts the principal component by using fast convergence properties of PASTd technique, avoiding direct eigenvalue decomposition. Computer simulations show that this algorithm decreases the storage consuming, is prone to hardware realization and has fast convergence properties. The performances are better than the gradient-descent algorithm and the neural networks algorithm.
Aim at the problem of blind estimation of DS/SS spreading sequence,the approach of eigenvalue decomposition is modified, moreover a Pseudo Noise (PN) code recovery algorithm based on Projection Approximation Subspace Tracking with deflation (PASTd) is proposed. This algorithm estimates the desynchronized delay value through the principal eigenvectors, and extracts the principal component by using fast convergence properties of PASTd technique, avoiding direct eigenvalue decomposition. Computer simulations show that this algorithm decreases the storage consuming, is prone to hardware realization and has fast convergence properties. The performances are better than the gradient-descent algorithm and the neural networks algorithm.
2007, 36(5): 889-891.
Abstract:
On the basis of field-matching theory, we analyzed the elements that affect the coupling efficiency of light from free space to single-mode fiber. If the F number of coupling lens is optimized, the coupling efficiency is adequate. Theoretical calculation indicates that the maximum coupling efficiencies of 82.54% and 82.69% in wavelength of 1 310 nm and 1 550 nm are achieved when the F numbers of lens are 0.203 and 0.211, respectively. Aiming offset brings decline of coupling efficiency. The decline curve is similar to the field curve of fiber end, and it can be conveniently obtained in engineering calculation. Experimental results confirm the theory, and the measured maximum coupling efficiency is 61%.
On the basis of field-matching theory, we analyzed the elements that affect the coupling efficiency of light from free space to single-mode fiber. If the F number of coupling lens is optimized, the coupling efficiency is adequate. Theoretical calculation indicates that the maximum coupling efficiencies of 82.54% and 82.69% in wavelength of 1 310 nm and 1 550 nm are achieved when the F numbers of lens are 0.203 and 0.211, respectively. Aiming offset brings decline of coupling efficiency. The decline curve is similar to the field curve of fiber end, and it can be conveniently obtained in engineering calculation. Experimental results confirm the theory, and the measured maximum coupling efficiency is 61%.
2007, 36(5): 892-895.
Abstract:
In this paper, a new Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) algorithm is introduced in detail based on Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) mechanism. The DFS algorithm has defined a parameter of channel quality assessment. According to the condition of channel interference, DFS can optimize parameters and assign frequency recourses dynamically, and therefore improve the system capacity adaptively. The paper gives the disposition processing and parameters. Simulation results show that DFS can improve total throughput in a dense and non-uniform load WLAN system.
In this paper, a new Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS) algorithm is introduced in detail based on Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) mechanism. The DFS algorithm has defined a parameter of channel quality assessment. According to the condition of channel interference, DFS can optimize parameters and assign frequency recourses dynamically, and therefore improve the system capacity adaptively. The paper gives the disposition processing and parameters. Simulation results show that DFS can improve total throughput in a dense and non-uniform load WLAN system.
2007, 36(5): 896-899.
Abstract:
There is a dense relationship between the frequency offset estimation and channel estimation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A new combined symbol timing and frequency synchronization and channel estimation technique by using the detected data is developed for OFDM systems. The synchronization information contained in the channel estimated results which is gained by LS channel estimation method is extracted based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) criterion for synchronization estimation. Then the estimated results of symbol timing and frequency are used to correct the initial estimated channel and make it more close to the real channel. Simulation results show that this algorithm has better performance at high SNR. It is easy to be realized and has low complexity. Increasing the length of the data block suppresses the noise more effectively but decreases the ability of tracking the time variable channel. The block size should be a trade-off between them.
There is a dense relationship between the frequency offset estimation and channel estimation in Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A new combined symbol timing and frequency synchronization and channel estimation technique by using the detected data is developed for OFDM systems. The synchronization information contained in the channel estimated results which is gained by LS channel estimation method is extracted based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) criterion for synchronization estimation. Then the estimated results of symbol timing and frequency are used to correct the initial estimated channel and make it more close to the real channel. Simulation results show that this algorithm has better performance at high SNR. It is easy to be realized and has low complexity. Increasing the length of the data block suppresses the noise more effectively but decreases the ability of tracking the time variable channel. The block size should be a trade-off between them.
2007, 36(5): 900-902,914.
Abstract:
The dispersion and non-linear effect on performance of optical Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system based on strict optimal (F,k,1) optical orthogonal codes are analyzed. Numerical result shows that the dispersion and non-linear effect can deteriorate the system performance, so the technology of dispersion compensation is necessary. Different from the traditional schemes, a new scheme of using None Zero Dispersion Shift Fibre (NZ-DSF) and Dispersion Compensate Fibre (DCF) is proposed to weak the non-linear effect when compensating the dispersion. Therefore the performance of system can be enhanced by the NZ-DSF.
The dispersion and non-linear effect on performance of optical Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) system based on strict optimal (F,k,1) optical orthogonal codes are analyzed. Numerical result shows that the dispersion and non-linear effect can deteriorate the system performance, so the technology of dispersion compensation is necessary. Different from the traditional schemes, a new scheme of using None Zero Dispersion Shift Fibre (NZ-DSF) and Dispersion Compensate Fibre (DCF) is proposed to weak the non-linear effect when compensating the dispersion. Therefore the performance of system can be enhanced by the NZ-DSF.
2007, 36(5): 903-906.
Abstract:
Combining the robustness modes and bandwidth occupation modes of Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) systems, a method of computing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is presented for DRM systems. In comparison with other FFTs. This algorithm produces the in-place, in-order algorithm for variable transform sizes with high operational precision. Therefore it saves storage space, operation and run time. In addition, the program structure of this algorithm is very regular, thus it can be easily achieved by software and hardware. This algorithm is applicable to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modules of other systems.
Combining the robustness modes and bandwidth occupation modes of Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) systems, a method of computing Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm is presented for DRM systems. In comparison with other FFTs. This algorithm produces the in-place, in-order algorithm for variable transform sizes with high operational precision. Therefore it saves storage space, operation and run time. In addition, the program structure of this algorithm is very regular, thus it can be easily achieved by software and hardware. This algorithm is applicable to Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modules of other systems.
2007, 36(5): 907-910.
Abstract:
In the model of Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation of narrowband signals, the concept of coherent signals seem more confused. In some published references, the signals of different frequency were simply considered as incoherent, whereas those of same frequency as coherent signals. So, those publications adopted the signals of different frequency to build the DOA estimation model of incoherent signals but the same center frequency in its directional matrix. This is considered unadvisable in this paper. If the center frequencies of the signals are different, the directional matrix should be built with correspond frequency of each signal source. The DOA should be estimated by the method for wideband signals, i.e., the different frequency should be gathered. The directional matrix built with the same center frequency is fitly the same as that of the gathered model. In result, its estimation result is correct, but the signal model does not match the fact. According to the strict definition of coherent signal, this paper proves that only the signals of the same frequency and original phase are coherent. Our conclusion is validated by computer simulation.
In the model of Direction-Of-Arrival (DOA) estimation of narrowband signals, the concept of coherent signals seem more confused. In some published references, the signals of different frequency were simply considered as incoherent, whereas those of same frequency as coherent signals. So, those publications adopted the signals of different frequency to build the DOA estimation model of incoherent signals but the same center frequency in its directional matrix. This is considered unadvisable in this paper. If the center frequencies of the signals are different, the directional matrix should be built with correspond frequency of each signal source. The DOA should be estimated by the method for wideband signals, i.e., the different frequency should be gathered. The directional matrix built with the same center frequency is fitly the same as that of the gathered model. In result, its estimation result is correct, but the signal model does not match the fact. According to the strict definition of coherent signal, this paper proves that only the signals of the same frequency and original phase are coherent. Our conclusion is validated by computer simulation.
2007, 36(5): 911-914.
Abstract:
Cooperative diversity is a new space diversity technology under the slow fading channel. There are two cooperative models, Amplify and Forward (AF) model and Decode and Forward (DF) model (Coded Cooperation (CC) is a special case of DF). A detailed comparison of AF and DF models are given in this paper. The simulations under symmetrical channel and dissymmetrical channel are also given. The results given in this paper show that the AF model has more advantage than the DF model at the same condition from the theory analyses and the simulations. Although they have the same diversity gains, the AF model has bigger array gain than the DF model, Whereas the DF model has more agilities than the AF model.
Cooperative diversity is a new space diversity technology under the slow fading channel. There are two cooperative models, Amplify and Forward (AF) model and Decode and Forward (DF) model (Coded Cooperation (CC) is a special case of DF). A detailed comparison of AF and DF models are given in this paper. The simulations under symmetrical channel and dissymmetrical channel are also given. The results given in this paper show that the AF model has more advantage than the DF model at the same condition from the theory analyses and the simulations. Although they have the same diversity gains, the AF model has bigger array gain than the DF model, Whereas the DF model has more agilities than the AF model.
2007, 36(5): 915-917.
Abstract:
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a new evolutionary algorithm. In this paper, to improve the ability of the PSO algorithm for detecting global values, the Stretching Particle Swarm Optimization(SPSO), proposed by Parsopoulos, is introduced as a key technique to Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) mobile system. We call this approach the SPSO Multi-User Detection (SPSO_MUD), the experimental results indicate that the performance of the SPSO_MUD is more efficient in BER capability, near-far resistance, and enlarging the system capacity than other detectors.
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is a new evolutionary algorithm. In this paper, to improve the ability of the PSO algorithm for detecting global values, the Stretching Particle Swarm Optimization(SPSO), proposed by Parsopoulos, is introduced as a key technique to Code-Division Multiple-Access (CDMA) mobile system. We call this approach the SPSO Multi-User Detection (SPSO_MUD), the experimental results indicate that the performance of the SPSO_MUD is more efficient in BER capability, near-far resistance, and enlarging the system capacity than other detectors.
2007, 36(5): 918-920.
Abstract:
Since the most of existing algorithms of direction of arrival (DOA) have spatial ambiguity to the signals which are mirror symmetry to x axis, T shape array is usually used to overcome the spatial ambiguity. In this paper, a new DOA estimation method based on train signal is proposed. The new method is based on the supposition:the training signals are mutually orthogonal and the magnitude of each signal is constant. The paper gives out the mathematical derivation of the new algorithm and gets a simple estimating formula. The simulation result shows that the new algorithm can estimate the DOA accurately and rapidly.
Since the most of existing algorithms of direction of arrival (DOA) have spatial ambiguity to the signals which are mirror symmetry to x axis, T shape array is usually used to overcome the spatial ambiguity. In this paper, a new DOA estimation method based on train signal is proposed. The new method is based on the supposition:the training signals are mutually orthogonal and the magnitude of each signal is constant. The paper gives out the mathematical derivation of the new algorithm and gets a simple estimating formula. The simulation result shows that the new algorithm can estimate the DOA accurately and rapidly.
2007, 36(5): 921-923.
Abstract:
A theory analysis of real meaning of the output graph showed in particle simulation code (PIC) is presented in this paper, the field power viewer command is taken into account. The complex function of field power density is educed, the relationship of field power density and real field power is analyzed, and the phenomena of different graph at different axis location shown in the PIC simulation is explained perfectly. The simulation result of output power on 8mm band second harmonic gyroklystron is analyzed deeply and the real meaning of the output graph and correct pick-up of output power are given out.
A theory analysis of real meaning of the output graph showed in particle simulation code (PIC) is presented in this paper, the field power viewer command is taken into account. The complex function of field power density is educed, the relationship of field power density and real field power is analyzed, and the phenomena of different graph at different axis location shown in the PIC simulation is explained perfectly. The simulation result of output power on 8mm band second harmonic gyroklystron is analyzed deeply and the real meaning of the output graph and correct pick-up of output power are given out.
2007, 36(5): 924-926.
Abstract:
Under transient excitation the energy transmitted by an antenna of finite size to a faraway receiver can decrease much more slowly than the usual R-2. With circular radiating antenna, the analytical and numerical results of axial energy of Gauss pulse are offered by electromagnetic theory. According to uniform current distribution model, the character of axial radiation of disk radiator is divided to none-decreasing region, slowly decreasing region, and fast decreasing region. The slowly decreasing property of electromagnetic wave is confirmed through experiment. With comparison, the theoretical result well agrees with the experimental result.
Under transient excitation the energy transmitted by an antenna of finite size to a faraway receiver can decrease much more slowly than the usual R-2. With circular radiating antenna, the analytical and numerical results of axial energy of Gauss pulse are offered by electromagnetic theory. According to uniform current distribution model, the character of axial radiation of disk radiator is divided to none-decreasing region, slowly decreasing region, and fast decreasing region. The slowly decreasing property of electromagnetic wave is confirmed through experiment. With comparison, the theoretical result well agrees with the experimental result.
2007, 36(5): 927-930.
Abstract:
Two models used in computing gas discharge——PIC model and fluid model are compared. The initial pseudospark discharge is simulated with PIC model and the properties of the three ionization growth regimes are presented. The virtual anode formation time and propagation velocity at different pressures with different cathode apertures are calculated. The formation of virtual anode is accelerated, as well as its propagation towards hollow cathode either at higher pressure or with larger-diameter aperture.The formation of virtual anode effected by hollow cathode is investigated at different pressures. The results show that the effect of hollow cathode plays a more important role in initial discharge at low pressure.
Two models used in computing gas discharge——PIC model and fluid model are compared. The initial pseudospark discharge is simulated with PIC model and the properties of the three ionization growth regimes are presented. The virtual anode formation time and propagation velocity at different pressures with different cathode apertures are calculated. The formation of virtual anode is accelerated, as well as its propagation towards hollow cathode either at higher pressure or with larger-diameter aperture.The formation of virtual anode effected by hollow cathode is investigated at different pressures. The results show that the effect of hollow cathode plays a more important role in initial discharge at low pressure.
2007, 36(5): 931-934.
Abstract:
A kind of inertial sensor based on natural convection is attracting more and more attentions recently. But the environment temperature has inevitable effects on property of the convection-based sensors. By numerical simulation the fluid flow in chamber of such a tilt sensor, which is changing with the environment temperature, is researched. The mechanism of influence of fluid flow on property of sensor is analyzed. A method of eliminating the influence of environment temperature on property of sensor is proposed based on the theory of flow similarity. The results show that a compensative circuit specially designed can keep flow similarity so as to eliminate the influence of environment temperature.
A kind of inertial sensor based on natural convection is attracting more and more attentions recently. But the environment temperature has inevitable effects on property of the convection-based sensors. By numerical simulation the fluid flow in chamber of such a tilt sensor, which is changing with the environment temperature, is researched. The mechanism of influence of fluid flow on property of sensor is analyzed. A method of eliminating the influence of environment temperature on property of sensor is proposed based on the theory of flow similarity. The results show that a compensative circuit specially designed can keep flow similarity so as to eliminate the influence of environment temperature.
2007, 36(5): 935-937.
Abstract:
The paper introduces the model of the measured quantity, error and measuring data on the base of Shannon information theory after analysing the physical mean of the measurement and the relationship between the measured quantity and the measuring results. The measuring uncertainty, the measured quantity and the measuring results are presented by the model of the information entropy. The measuring information entropy and the error entropy are defined and their relationship is gived. And the mathematic relation of the information entropy and uncertainty of same special distributions is deduced.
The paper introduces the model of the measured quantity, error and measuring data on the base of Shannon information theory after analysing the physical mean of the measurement and the relationship between the measured quantity and the measuring results. The measuring uncertainty, the measured quantity and the measuring results are presented by the model of the information entropy. The measuring information entropy and the error entropy are defined and their relationship is gived. And the mathematic relation of the information entropy and uncertainty of same special distributions is deduced.
2007, 36(5): 938-941.
Abstract:
In this paper, a method for enhancing the measure performance of digital oscilloscope for Amplitude Modulation (AM) signals is presented by applying Elman sptio-temporal neural network. In this method, the demodulation of AM signals is implemented by adopting both "traingdx" and "learnbcf" functions in Elman network; the structure of Elman network is improved by introducing weights and delays from the output layer to the hidden layer; and an additive momentum factor is adopted in gradient learning algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method has faster learning speed, less computational error, and higher measuring robustness and precision.
In this paper, a method for enhancing the measure performance of digital oscilloscope for Amplitude Modulation (AM) signals is presented by applying Elman sptio-temporal neural network. In this method, the demodulation of AM signals is implemented by adopting both "traingdx" and "learnbcf" functions in Elman network; the structure of Elman network is improved by introducing weights and delays from the output layer to the hidden layer; and an additive momentum factor is adopted in gradient learning algorithm. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method has faster learning speed, less computational error, and higher measuring robustness and precision.
2007, 36(5): 942-944.
Abstract:
The phenomenon of stochastic resonance in an RC series circuit, whose time constant is fluctuated by asymmetric dichotomous noise, is investigated. Based on the random average method and Shapiro-Loginov formula, An explicit expression of the Output Amplitude Gain (OAG) is obtained. The results show that the OAG is a non-monotonic function of strength, correlation rate, and asymmetry of the noise. The minimum of OAG can be obtained by choosing appropriate values of the parameters of both noise and system. The minimum of the function of OAG as asymmetry or correlation rate of noise are not varied with signal frequency.
The phenomenon of stochastic resonance in an RC series circuit, whose time constant is fluctuated by asymmetric dichotomous noise, is investigated. Based on the random average method and Shapiro-Loginov formula, An explicit expression of the Output Amplitude Gain (OAG) is obtained. The results show that the OAG is a non-monotonic function of strength, correlation rate, and asymmetry of the noise. The minimum of OAG can be obtained by choosing appropriate values of the parameters of both noise and system. The minimum of the function of OAG as asymmetry or correlation rate of noise are not varied with signal frequency.
2007, 36(5): 945-947.
Abstract:
In this paper, the preparation and Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) characteristic of nano-VO2 powder/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite is described. A simplified model of equivalent resistance of the composite was given and the results of calculation showed that the structure of series resistance leaded to the Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) characteristic of the composite, which was owned by the high resistance ingredient of the composite. The test results of resistance showed a change of above one order of magnitude due to the cooperation of the doped nano-VO2 powder and the electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The surface morphology of films were studied by scanning electron microscope.
In this paper, the preparation and Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) characteristic of nano-VO2 powder/Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) composite is described. A simplified model of equivalent resistance of the composite was given and the results of calculation showed that the structure of series resistance leaded to the Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) characteristic of the composite, which was owned by the high resistance ingredient of the composite. The test results of resistance showed a change of above one order of magnitude due to the cooperation of the doped nano-VO2 powder and the electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene). The surface morphology of films were studied by scanning electron microscope.
2007, 36(5): 948-951.
Abstract:
The multifractal spectrum is a basic mathematical conception in the fractal theory and it is one of the most important factors in the applications of the fractal theory. In engineering problems, the multifractal spectrum is mainly to describe the random probability distribution of physical phenomenon. In this paper the multifractal spectrum is calculated by multigray probability measures of the microscope image of semicontinuous Ag nanoparticle films. It is found that multifractal spectrum can characterize space distribution of Ag particles influence on nanoparticle film uniformity in different thickness films quantitatively. Experimental results show that the multifractal spectrum is an important characteristic parameter, which enables the quantitative analysis and explanation of the homogeneous space distribution and size distribution of Ag particles thickness of films from the multifractal issue.
The multifractal spectrum is a basic mathematical conception in the fractal theory and it is one of the most important factors in the applications of the fractal theory. In engineering problems, the multifractal spectrum is mainly to describe the random probability distribution of physical phenomenon. In this paper the multifractal spectrum is calculated by multigray probability measures of the microscope image of semicontinuous Ag nanoparticle films. It is found that multifractal spectrum can characterize space distribution of Ag particles influence on nanoparticle film uniformity in different thickness films quantitatively. Experimental results show that the multifractal spectrum is an important characteristic parameter, which enables the quantitative analysis and explanation of the homogeneous space distribution and size distribution of Ag particles thickness of films from the multifractal issue.
2007, 36(5): 952-954,968.
Abstract:
Combining basic Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) theory with reported recursive stiffness matrix method, this paper deduces an effective permittitivity mathematical model of Rayleigh wave based on ZnO/Diamond/Si-layered structure through separating the Rayleigh wave from SAW. By this model the dispersive figures including phase velocity and electromechanical coupling coefficients are calculated. The calculation results show that the model has good accuracy and reflects well the dispersion properties of Rayleigh wave. Furthermore, an effective permittitivity mathematical model of three layers from solving basic wave equations is derived. At last, two important parameters which are used in designing SAW devices are calculated.
Combining basic Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) theory with reported recursive stiffness matrix method, this paper deduces an effective permittitivity mathematical model of Rayleigh wave based on ZnO/Diamond/Si-layered structure through separating the Rayleigh wave from SAW. By this model the dispersive figures including phase velocity and electromechanical coupling coefficients are calculated. The calculation results show that the model has good accuracy and reflects well the dispersion properties of Rayleigh wave. Furthermore, an effective permittitivity mathematical model of three layers from solving basic wave equations is derived. At last, two important parameters which are used in designing SAW devices are calculated.
Influence of Surface Modification of IndiumTin Oxide on Performance of Organic Light Emitting Diodes
2007, 36(5): 955-957,961.
Abstract:
Surface of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) films on glass substrates were treated by ethanol, oxygen plasma, NaOH, and sulfuric acid, respectively and then analyzed by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and goniometer. Results show that ITO films treated by sulfuric acid and NaOH have low roughness, small grain radius, low contamination of carbon, and high surface energy. Double layer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs):ITO/NPB (15 nm)/AlQ (40 nm)/Mg:Ag (10:1,100 nm)/Ag (50 nm) were fabricated on substrates treated above. Current-voltage (J-V), brightness-voltage (B-V), and efficiency (η) characteristics of these devices were measured and discussed in details. Experimental results show that devices based on NaOH-treated and sulfuric-acid-treated substrates have better performance comparing with oxygen-plasma-treated substrate, namely lower turn-on voltage, higher electroluminescent brightness and higher efficiency.
Surface of Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) films on glass substrates were treated by ethanol, oxygen plasma, NaOH, and sulfuric acid, respectively and then analyzed by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and goniometer. Results show that ITO films treated by sulfuric acid and NaOH have low roughness, small grain radius, low contamination of carbon, and high surface energy. Double layer Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs):ITO/NPB (15 nm)/AlQ (40 nm)/Mg:Ag (10:1,100 nm)/Ag (50 nm) were fabricated on substrates treated above. Current-voltage (J-V), brightness-voltage (B-V), and efficiency (η) characteristics of these devices were measured and discussed in details. Experimental results show that devices based on NaOH-treated and sulfuric-acid-treated substrates have better performance comparing with oxygen-plasma-treated substrate, namely lower turn-on voltage, higher electroluminescent brightness and higher efficiency.
2007, 36(5): 958-961.
Abstract:
Based on a spinning polymer layer of poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as Hole Transport Layer (HTL) and an evaporated layer of tris (8-hydroxy) quinoline aluminum (Alq3) as Electron Transport Layer (ETL) and Emissive Layer (EL), Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) with the structure of ITO/PVK (0~60 nm)/Alq3(60 nm)/Mg:Ag/Al were fabricated. By measuring and analyzing the current-voltage-luminance characteristics, influences of the thickness of HTL on devices performance was investigated. Experimental results show that optical and electrical properties of the devices are closely related to the thickness of HTL and the device with a layer of HTL 15 nm has the best performances, i.e. the lowest turn-on voltage, highest luminance and maximal luminous efficiency.
Based on a spinning polymer layer of poly (N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK) as Hole Transport Layer (HTL) and an evaporated layer of tris (8-hydroxy) quinoline aluminum (Alq3) as Electron Transport Layer (ETL) and Emissive Layer (EL), Organic Light-Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) with the structure of ITO/PVK (0~60 nm)/Alq3(60 nm)/Mg:Ag/Al were fabricated. By measuring and analyzing the current-voltage-luminance characteristics, influences of the thickness of HTL on devices performance was investigated. Experimental results show that optical and electrical properties of the devices are closely related to the thickness of HTL and the device with a layer of HTL 15 nm has the best performances, i.e. the lowest turn-on voltage, highest luminance and maximal luminous efficiency.
2007, 36(5): 962-964.
Abstract:
Mismatch negativity (MMN) in the visual modality is currently a focus in many related areas. In our work, this problem is explored through an ERP experiment in cross-modal stimulating pattern. The result shows that an obvious negativity component related with primary visual deviant exists at the frontal and occipital lobes on the condition of non-attention. Similar to auditory MMN, this negativity has a latent period of 140~170 ms and also a modality specificity. Then it is reasonable to conclude that this negativity is a visual MMN from the memory model of visual modality with two sources-one at the frontal lobe but the other at the occipital lobe's primary visual cortex.
Mismatch negativity (MMN) in the visual modality is currently a focus in many related areas. In our work, this problem is explored through an ERP experiment in cross-modal stimulating pattern. The result shows that an obvious negativity component related with primary visual deviant exists at the frontal and occipital lobes on the condition of non-attention. Similar to auditory MMN, this negativity has a latent period of 140~170 ms and also a modality specificity. Then it is reasonable to conclude that this negativity is a visual MMN from the memory model of visual modality with two sources-one at the frontal lobe but the other at the occipital lobe's primary visual cortex.
2007, 36(5): 965-968.
Abstract:
The gas damp of the two translational moving parallel flats in Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) devices is analyzed. The analytical formulae of the gas damp force and damp coefficient of the parallel flats in the MEMS devices are derived by expanding the vertical motion equations of the flat in Fourier series. The result shows that the gas damp coefficient of the translational moving parallel flats is close to be inversely proportional to the third power of the gas film thickness. The gas damp in a micro acceleration switch is simulated. The results show that the gas damp changes according to the switch working state. The effect of the gas damp coefficient upon the switch performance is also studied.
The gas damp of the two translational moving parallel flats in Micro Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) devices is analyzed. The analytical formulae of the gas damp force and damp coefficient of the parallel flats in the MEMS devices are derived by expanding the vertical motion equations of the flat in Fourier series. The result shows that the gas damp coefficient of the translational moving parallel flats is close to be inversely proportional to the third power of the gas film thickness. The gas damp in a micro acceleration switch is simulated. The results show that the gas damp changes according to the switch working state. The effect of the gas damp coefficient upon the switch performance is also studied.
2007, 36(5): 969-972.
Abstract:
To implement the authentication and authorization in a Web application based on Browser/Server model. JAAS and J2EE Web Container's security realm, combining with Oracle's self authentication, are used to authenticate and authorize users who want to access the Web application. The resources that a user can access are limited at Web page level and the security issue considered in development phase is moved to deployment. The business logic and rights management are isolated so that programmers are no need to write codes in each page to examine whether the user have rights to access it. The results show that using Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) can enhance the entire system's development efficiency and the security mechanism provided by Web Container can work with the database's security realm well.
To implement the authentication and authorization in a Web application based on Browser/Server model. JAAS and J2EE Web Container's security realm, combining with Oracle's self authentication, are used to authenticate and authorize users who want to access the Web application. The resources that a user can access are limited at Web page level and the security issue considered in development phase is moved to deployment. The business logic and rights management are isolated so that programmers are no need to write codes in each page to examine whether the user have rights to access it. The results show that using Java Authentication and Authorization Service (JAAS) can enhance the entire system's development efficiency and the security mechanism provided by Web Container can work with the database's security realm well.
2007, 36(5): 973-976.
Abstract:
From the energy method, the mechanical model of the metal sheet deep drawing is built. The analytical rules for the wrinkling and rupture in deep drawing are derived. The three deformation limits of binder hold force are determined and a control rule of binder hold force is derived. Two neural network models are introduced to realize real-time identification of sheet metal parameters and real-time prediction of optimum binder hold force. Finally, an intelligent control program is established for intelligent press forming of deep drawing of metal sheets.
From the energy method, the mechanical model of the metal sheet deep drawing is built. The analytical rules for the wrinkling and rupture in deep drawing are derived. The three deformation limits of binder hold force are determined and a control rule of binder hold force is derived. Two neural network models are introduced to realize real-time identification of sheet metal parameters and real-time prediction of optimum binder hold force. Finally, an intelligent control program is established for intelligent press forming of deep drawing of metal sheets.
