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Quasi-optical mode converters (QOMC) are mainly applied in high power gyrotrons in millimeter and sub-millimeter wave range by transforming the cavity-generated high-order cylindrical waveguide TE modes into linearly polarized fundamental Gaussian- like beams, which can be directly used for low-loss transmission in free space[1-2]. The QOMC inside the gyrotron vacuum envelope directly after the cavity enables separation of the spent electron beam from the RF power. That allows for a depressed collector, which increases tube efficiency and decreases the size and cooling requirements for collector[3-4]. QOMC is a proper combination of a specific mode-converting waveguide slot radiator (launcher) together with a few curved mirrors[5-6]. In order to get a superior quality output beam with low diffraction losses and high purity, a dimpled-wall (Denisov-type) launcher and a mirror system are usually adopted[7-8].
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Based on the abovementioned method and algorithm, a mirror system has been designed and field distributions have been also calculated. The iterative algorithm begins to converge after about 30 iterations. The profile of QOMC is shown in Fig. 8. Overall sizes of the phase-correcting mirrors are about $40*40\;{\text{m}}{{\text{m}}^2}$.
Amplitude and phase distributions at the output window calculated by a computer code and simulated by the electromagnetic software FEKO are shown in Figs. 9-10, which indicates that a well-focused wave beam has been obtained. The scalar correlation coefficient ${\eta _s}$ and vector correlation coefficient ${\eta _v}$ used as the criteria for the descriptions of the results' accuracy are estimated as
where ${A_1}$ and ${A_2}$ are two vectors, which can represent the numerical and simulated field components, respectively. In above formulae, if ${A_2}$ is an ideal fundamental Gaussian distribution, then ${\eta _s}$ and ${\eta _v}$ give fundamental Gaussian mode scalar and vector contents of the field distribution ${A_1}$ and estimate its Gaussian mode purity. Finally, the power conversion efficiency of the QOMC ${\eta _\varepsilon }$ is estimated as
where ${P_0}$ is total power injected into the launcher, ${{\mathit{\boldsymbol{E}}}}$ and ${{\mathit{\boldsymbol{H}}}}$ represent electric field and magnetic vector fields at the output window, and the superscript "*" denotes the conjugate of a complex function.
There is a good agreement between the two field distributions. Scalar and vector correlation coefficients of the fields calculated by the computer code related to the simulation results are given in Table 1. Table 1 also gives the power conversion efficiency of QOMC. The results show that after being prebunched by the Denisov-type launcher, focused and corrected by the mirror system, a well-focused wave beam is obtained. The power conversion efficiency is 98.5%, and the fundamental Gaussian mode scalar and vector contents are 99.7% and 97.5%. The corresponding simulation results are ${\eta _\varepsilon } = 97.4\% $, ${\eta _s} = 99.1\% $, and ${\eta _v} = 97.3\% $, and the relative deviations between numerical calculation and simulation results about ${\eta _\varepsilon }$, ${\eta _s}$ and ${\eta _v}$ are 1.1%, 0.6% and 0.2%, respectively. The fact that the numerical results yield slight difference from the simulation results can be attributed mainly to two factors. One is the different ways of meshing and solving methods. The other is due to truncation errors of the model size that the complicated and irregular models of Denisov-type launcher and phase correcting mirrors are unable to be directly built, which has to be imported from the professional CAD software.
Conversion efficiency Gaussian mode contents ${\eta _\varepsilon }$ /% ${\eta _s}$ /% ${\eta _v}$ /% Numerical result 98.5 99.7 97.5 Simulation result 97.4 99.1 97.3 Relative deviation 1.1 0.6 0.2 Table 1. Comparisons between numerical and simulation results