-
肺癌是呼吸系统最常见的恶性肿瘤,在世界范围内其发病率和死亡率分别位居恶性肿瘤的第二位和第一位。2020年全球癌症统计数据显示,全球每年肺癌患者新增约220.6万例,死亡约179.6万例,已严重威胁人类的生命和健康[1]。肺腺癌(lung adenocarcinoma, LUAD)是最常见的肺癌组织学亚型,约占肺癌患者总数的40%[2]。虽然,近年来诊断和治疗肺腺癌的技术手段取得了不断的创新和发展,但是肺腺癌仍然是世界范围内癌症患者死亡的主要原因之一,患者的5年生存率仍较低。目前,肺腺癌个体患者的治疗决策主要基于TNM分期和分化等级等特异性因素,但是由于不同个体间有高度的异质性,具有相同病理条件的患者通常在治疗反应和预后方面表现出巨大的差异,限制了传统方法在预测肺腺癌患者预后方面的应用。因此,迫切需要筛选鉴定可靠的预后生物标志物,为肺腺癌患者的风险分层和临床治疗提供指导。
嗜乳脂蛋白(butyrophilins, BTNs)是与B7蛋白家族具有相似结构的免疫球蛋白家族。1981年,BTN最初于泌乳上皮细胞中被发现并构成乳蛋白,与泌乳过程密切相关。随着研究的深入,越来越多的研究表明BTNs在免疫调节中发挥重要作用。迄今为止,已发现人类BTN超家族包括7个BTN基因(BTN1A1、BTN2A1、BTN2A2、BTN2A3、BTN3A1、BTN3A2、BTN3A3)、5个BTN样基因(BTNL2、BTNL3、BTNL8、BTNL9、BTNL10)和1个SKINT样因子(SKINTL)[3]。最新研究显示,BTNs是癌症免疫治疗的潜在治疗靶点,靶向BTNs有助于激活抗肿瘤的免疫反应,目前通过靶向BTNs增强Vγ9Vδ2+ T细胞激活的抗体正在在临床试验中进行测试[4]。但是,BTNs基因在肺腺癌进展过程中的作用及其作为肺腺癌预后生物标志物的潜能尚未明确。
本研究基于生物信息学方法,分析了BTN基因家族在肺腺癌肿瘤和正常对照组织中的表达水平,鉴定了与肺腺癌进展密切相关的BTN基因家族成员BTN2A2和BTNL9,并对BTN2A2和BTNL9表达水平与肺腺癌患者预后的相关性进行了评估。同时分析了BTN2A2和BTNL9表达水平与免疫细胞浸润的相关性,揭示了肺腺癌中BTN2A2和BTNL9共表达基因显著富集的生物过程。
Functional and Prognostic Roles of Butyrophilin Genes in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Multi-Omics Integration and Survival Analyses
-
摘要: 肺腺癌是最常见的肺癌类型,具有侵袭性强、进展速度快和致命性强的特点,已成为世界范围内亟待解决的公共卫生问题。最新的研究显示,嗜乳脂蛋白(BTNs)基因家族在免疫调节过程中发挥着关键的作用,但其在肺腺癌中的功能尚未明确。该研究采用多组学融合与生存分析方法,对BTNs家族基因作为肺腺癌预后生物标志物的潜能进行了分析。研究结果显示,该基因家族中的BTN2A2和BTNL9在肺腺癌癌症组织中的表达水平均显著降低(P < 0.05),且分别与患者的总体生存时间显著相关(P<0.05)。另外,BTN2A2和BTNL9的表达水平分别与B细胞、巨噬细胞和调节性T细胞的浸润水平显著正相关(P<0.05),与BTN2A2共表达的基因在T细胞激活、细胞因子结合、MHC蛋白复合体结合等条目中显著富集,与BTNL9共表达的基因在细胞周期、DNA复制相关的条目中显著富集(adjust.P<0.05)。因此,BTN2A2和BTNL9的低表达分别与肺腺癌患者的总体生存率低密切相关,是肺腺癌患者潜在的预后生物标志物。Abstract: Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is the most common type of lung cancer, which is characterized by strong aggressiveness, rapid progression and strong lethality. It has become an urgent public health problem worldwide. Recent studies have shown that Butyrophilins (BTNs) gene family plays a key role in immune regulation, but its function in LUAD is not yet clear. In this study, the potential of BTN family genes as prognostic biomarkers for LUAD was explored using multi-omics integration and survival analyses. The results showed that the expression levels of butyrophilin gene BTN2A2 and BTNL9 were significantly down-regulated in LUAD (P<0.05), and tightly correlated with the overall survival of patients (P<0.05), respectively. In addition, the expression levels of BTN2A2 and BTNL9 were significantly positively correlated with the infiltration levels of B cells, macrophages and regulatory T cells (P<0.05). The genes co-expressed with BTN2A2 were significantly enriched in T cell activation, cytokine binding, and MHC protein complex binding GO terms, and genes co-expressed with BTNL9 were significantly enriched in cell cycle and DNA replication related GO items (adjust.P<0.05). Therefore, the low expression levels of BTN2A2 and BTNL9 are closely related to the poor overall survival of patients with LUAD, suggesting that they are potential prognostic biomarkers in LUAD patients.
-
Key words:
- BTN2A2 /
- BTNL9 /
- butyrophilin /
- immune infiltration /
- lung adenocarcinoma /
- prognosis
-
[1] SUNG H, FERLAY J, SIEGEL R L, et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries[J]. CA Cancer J Clin, 2021, 71(3): 209-249. [2] LI W, GAO L N, SONG P P, et al. Development and validation of a RNA binding protein-associated prognostic model for lung adenocarcinoma[J]. Aging (Albany NY), 2020, 12(4): 3558. [3] WANG Y, ZHAO N, ZHANG X, et al. Bibliometrics analysis of butyrophilins as immune regulators [1992-2019] and implications for cancer prognosis[J]. Front Immunol, 2020, 11: 1187. [4] RIGAU M, ULDRICH A P, BEHREN A. Targeting butyrophilins for cancer immunotherapy[J]. Trends Immunol, 2021, 42(8): 670-680. [5] CHANDRASHEKAR D S, BASHEL B, BALASUBRAMANYA S A H, et al. UALCAN: A portal for facilitating tumor subgroup gene expression and survival analyses[J]. Neoplasia, 2017, 19(8): 649-658. [6] TANG Z, LI C, KANG B, et al. GEPIA: A web server for cancer and normal gene expression profiling and interactive analyses[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2017, 45(W1): 98-102. [7] NAGY Á, MUNKÁCSY G, GYőRFFY B. Pancancer survival analysis of cancer hallmark genes[J]. Sci Rep, 2021, 11(1): 1-10. [8] MIZUNO H, KITADA K, NAKAI K, et al. PrognoScan: A new database for meta-analysis of the prognostic value of genes[J]. BMC Med Genomics, 2009, 2(1): 1-11. [9] LI T, FU J, ZENG Z, et al. TIMER2.0 for analysis of tumor-infiltrating immune cells[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2020, 48(W1): 509-514. [10] CLINE M S, SMOOT M, CERAMI E, et al. Integration of biological networks and gene expression data using Cytoscape[J]. Nat Protoc, 2007, 2(10): 2366-2382. [11] FRANZ M, RODRIGUEZ H, LOPES C, et al. GeneMANIA update 2018. Nucleic Acids Res[J]. Nucleic Acids Res, 2018, 46(W1): 60-64. [12] CANO C E, PASERO C, DE G A, et al. BTN2A1, an immune checkpoint targeting Vγ9Vδ2 T cell cytotoxicity against malignant cells[J]. Cell Rep, 2021, 36(2): 109359. [13] DE G N, GROEN R, ORIE V, et al. Analysis of macaque BTN3A genes and transcripts in the extended MHC: Conserved orthologs of human γδ T cell modulators[J]. Immunogenetics, 2019, 71(8): 545-559. [14] GU S, SACHLEBEN J R, BOUGHTER C T, et al. Phosphoantigen-induced conformational change of butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3A1) and its implication on Vγ9Vδ2 T cell activation[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2017, 114(35): 7311-7320. [15] WILLCOX C R, VANTOUROUT P, SALIM M, et al. Butyrophilin-like 3 directly binds a human Vγ4+ T cell receptor using a modality distinct from clonally-restricted antigen[J]. Immunity, 2019, 51(5): 813-825. [16] CHAPOVAL A I, SMITHSON G, BRUNICK L, et al. BTNL8, a butyrophilin-like molecule that costimulates the primary immune response[J]. Mol Immunol, 2013, 56(4): 819-828. [17] YASUDA T, BUNDO K, HINO A, et al. Dok-1 and Dok-2 are negative regulators of T cell receptor signaling[J]. Int Immunol, 2007, 19(4): 487-495. [18] ORTNER D, GRABHER D, HERMANN M, et al. The adaptor protein Bam32 in human dendritic cells participates in the regulation of MHC class I-induced CD8+ T cell activation[J]. J Immunol, 2011, 187(8): 3972-3978. [19] SU M, LIN Y, CUI C, et al. ERMAP is a B7 family-related molecule that negatively regulates T cell and macrophage responses[J]. Cell Mol Immunol, 2021, 18(8): 1920-1933. [20] ZHANG M, ZHU K, PU H, et al. An immune-related signature predicts survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma[J]. Front Oncol, 2019, 9: 1314. [21] CHENG X, MA T, YI L, et al. Low expression of BTN3A3 indicates poor prognosis and promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer[J]. Ann Transl Med, 2021, 9(6): 478. [22] YOON J H, CHO S G. ADGRF4 regulates non-small cell lung cancer cell invasiveness[J]. Anticancer Res, 2020, 40(12): 6835-6844. [23] BERGER A H, CHEN M, MOROTTI A, et al. DOK2 inhibits EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma[J]. PLoS One, 2013, 8(11): e79526.