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随着电子工业的快速发展,国际上提出绿色环保的要求,而Pb的毒性也引起了广泛关注[1]。自2006年起工业界已全面步入了无铅的时代。在诸多的无铅钎料中,SnZn系钎料因为熔化温度接近传统的SnPb钎料而备受关注。文献[2]提出以SnZn钎料替代SnPb钎料,但SnZn系钎料润湿性、抗氧化性和抗疲劳特性较低成为制约其发展的关键因素。
为进一步改善SnZn的性能,合金化的方法被提出。文献[3]采用添加稀土元素Nd的方法改善SnZnBi钎料的性能,发现润湿性和抗氧化特性有显著提高。文献[4]证实稀土元素Pr可以提高SnZn钎料的润湿性、力学性能及细化基体组织。添加适量的稀土元素Er到SnZn钎料中,对钎料的润湿性、力学性能和抗氧化性具有一定的改善作用,但添加过量时性能明显恶化[5]。对SnZnGa-xPr钎料也发现了类似的促进作用,在稀土Pr含量为0.7%时界面区域出现明显的锡须现象[6]。稀土元素为活性元素,被称为金属材料的“维他命”[7],但当稀土元素添加过量时,SnZn系钎料会出现锡须现象,严重降低焊点服役期间的可靠性。在无铅钎料系中,微量的稀土元素Eu[8]、Y[9]、La[10]、Ce[11]等均对钎料的性能有一定的改善作用,只是最佳添加范围有明显的不同。研究[12]表明添加微量稀土元素时,钎料内部并未发现明显的锡须现象,如SnAgCu-0.03Ce钎料。因此含微量稀土无铅钎料仍然具有一定的价值,需要进一步研究和探讨。
本文选择Sn9Zn0.03Pr无铅钎料为研究对象,添加适量的纳米Au颗粒,研究无铅钎料润湿性、力学性能、抗热疲劳特性以及抗蠕变性能和微观组织的演化,为无铅钎料的研究提供理论支撑。
Properties and Microstructures of SnZnPr-xAu Solders
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摘要: 研究了微量纳米Au颗粒对SnZnPr无铅钎料性能与组织的影响。研究结果表明,微量的纳米Au颗粒可以显著改善SnZnPr钎料的润湿性和焊点力学性能,通过优化设计证明纳米Au颗粒的最佳添加量为0.1%,但添加纳米Au颗粒过量时,钎料的润湿性明显下降,焊点的力学性能基本不变。对SnZnPr和SnZnPr-0.1Au钎料组织研究发现0.1%纳米Au颗粒可以显著细化基体组织,特别是减小富Zn相的尺寸,通过纳米压痕实验证明0.1%纳米颗粒可以显著提高SnZnPr钎料的抗蠕变性能,热循环实验证明0.1%纳米Au颗粒可以将QFP100器件SnZnPr焊点热疲劳寿命提高12.3%,主要归因于纳米颗粒对位错的钉扎作用。Abstract: The properties and microstructures of SnZnPr solders were studied with the addition of Au nanoparticles. The results indicat that the addition of Au nanoparticles can enhance the wettability of solder and the mechanical property of solder joints, the optimum content of Au nanoparticles is 0.1% with optimal design. However, excessive Au nanoparticles can degrade the wettability of solders, and no variation occurs for mechanical property of solder joints. With the microstructure observation of SnZnPr and SnZnPr-0.1Au solders, the 0.1% Au nanoparticles can refine the matrix microstructure of SnZnPr solder, especially for reduction of rich-Zn phases. Moreover, with the addition of 0.1% Au nanoparticles, nanoindentation testing indicates that the creep-resistance property can be enhanced obviously, thermal fatigue life of solder joints is increased by 12.3% with thermal cycling testing, which can be attributed to dislocation pinning effect of nanoparticles.
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Key words:
- creep property /
- lead-free solders /
- mechanical property /
- wettability
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