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TTE由于其强实时性和容错性的特点,被应用于航空电子系统[1]、汽车电子[2]、航天器[3]中,而目前大规模关键性系统应用体量较大,子功能模块众多,在工作时,各个子功能模块可能采用不同的时钟周期。如采用综合模块化航空电子系统(integrated modular avionics, IMA)架构的飞行器,飞行控制系统和雷达系统可能采用不同的时钟同步周期。在全局系统下,每经过一段时间后,各个独立的时钟可能需要进行统一同步校正,以调整时钟精度。所以在大型系统中急需一套灵活的时钟同步方案。
强实时性网络中,抖动、时延指标尤为重要[4]。在小规模强实时性、确定性网络中,网络中的节点数量少,所以当执行时钟同步服务时不会出现很多的同步帧,此时网络的负载小,能够保证整体的服务质量。但是随着网络规模的扩大,网络中主机数量的增多,用于同步功能的帧在数量上将急剧增多,网络的负载越来越大,在时钟同步服务上将花费大量的时间,在强实时性需求的系统中,势必影响实时消息的时效性。
TTE中同步优先级、同步域能够将一个较大的确定性网络划分成多个小型确定性网络,根据同步域、同步优先级的过滤原则,有利于减少大规模网络中协议控制帧(protocol control frame, PCF)的网络拥塞,提高PCF在网络中的传输速率,从而提高网络的同步精度。同时同步域概念的引入能够扩大TTE网络的灵活性,每个子网的同步时钟标准更为灵活,能够满足大型系统各功能模块需要独立同步时钟的需求。在拥有同步域的情况下,也便于子网络的加入,增加了TTE网络的可扩展性。与此同时,同步域也起到隔离作用,保证不同时钟源的PCF不会相互影响,保证了系统运行安全。
目前国内没有TTE多域和同步优先级相关的研究文献,现阶段主要研究TTE的调度策略、构件实现和应用扩展。文献[5-6]是在OPNET网络仿真的基础上,采用网络演算理论,分析了TTE网络的性能。文献[7]分析TTE网络设计优化的几个角度。文献[8]指出了自动确定最小化成本的最优调度方式。
TTE最早是由TTTech公司实现,国外关于TTE的研究[9-10]也主要集中于调度策略的优化上,很少涉及多域和同步优先级的研究。
Research on Multi-Domain and Synchronization Priority of Time-Triggered Ethernet
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摘要: 时间触发以太网(TTE)是一种保证以太网实时性的解决方案。该文首先分析了在大规模确定性网络中引入同步域和同步优先级的原因,并针对TTE网络中3种常见的集群情况,设计了多同步域下多同步优先级的具体通信规则,满足更为复杂的TTE网络需求。通过仿真验证了同步域和同步优先级对确定性网络的影响。实验结果说明同步域和同步优先级能够提高TTE中时钟同步服务的精确性和安全性,在满足TTE网络实时性要求的前提下增加网络的灵活性。Abstract: Time-triggered Ethernet (TTE) is a solution to guarantee the real-time performance of Ethernet. First of all, this paper analyzes the reasons for the introduction of synchronization domain and synchronization priority in large-scale deterministic networks. Then, for the three common clusters in the TTE network, the specific communication rules of PCF that includes synchronization domain and synchronization priority are designed. Finally, the proposed topology and communication rules are validated through simulation software. The experimental data analysis verifies the effect of synchronization domain and synchronization priority on the deterministic network. The experimental results show that the synchronization domain and synchronization priority can improve the accuracy and security of the clock synchronization service in the TTE. It is concluded that the synchronization domain and synchronization priority can increase the flexibility of the network under the premise of meeting the real-time requirements of the TTE network.
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